基於自然的解決方案應對氣候變遷引發災害 Nature-based Solutions for Climate Change-Exacerbated Disasters

氣候變遷正在增加災害的頻率、強度和規模,導致死亡和受傷人數增加,以及財產和經濟損失增加。過去20年,90%的重大災害都是由熱浪等天氣相關事件造成。 Climate change is increasing the frequency, intensity & scale of disasters, resulting in more deaths, injuries, and property/economic losses. Over the past 20 years, 90% of major disasters have been caused by weather-related events like heat waves.

基於自然的解決方案,例如保護森林、濕地和珊瑚礁,可以幫助社區做好準備、應對災害並從災害中恢復,包括乾旱等緩發事件。它們還可以減少非氣候相關災害(例如地震後山體滑坡)的次生影響。 Nature-based solutions like protecting forests, wetlands & coral reefs can aid community preparedness, disaster response & recovery from both sudden-onset and slow-onset disasters like droughts. They can also mitigate secondary impacts of non-climate disasters (e.g. mudslides post-earthquakes).

森林和其他植被有助於穩定斜坡,從而降低山體滑坡的風險。濕地可以幫助調節淹水。沿海植被和沙丘和紅樹林等自然景觀可以提供抵禦風暴潮、強風和旋風的保護。健康的珊瑚礁可以減少沿海風暴期間的波浪能量。

Forests & other vegetation help stabilize slopes, lowering landslide risks. Wetlands aid in flood regulation. Coastal vegetation, sand dunes & mangroves shield against storm surges, high winds & cyclones. Healthy coral reefs reduce wave energy during coastal storms.

基於自然的解決方案還可以創造當地就業和經濟機會,減少工程和建築方面進口技術專業知識和勞動力的需求。因此,對這些降低風險解決方案的投資可以納入公共部門刺激計劃和社會發展計劃中。 Nature-based solutions can also generate local jobs & economic opportunities, decreasing needs to import engineering/construction expertise & labor. Hence investments in such risk reduction solutions can be incorporated into public sector stimulus & societal development programs.

在一些國家,基於自然的解決方案已經成為減少災害風險的經濟有效的方法: In some countries, nature-based solutions have already proven to be cost-effective approaches for disaster risk reduction:

• 菲律賓政府於2015年承諾投入約2,200萬美元來恢復紅樹林和天然海灘森林。
• The Philippine government committed ~$22 million in 2015 to restore mangroves & natural beach forests.
• 瑞士每年在森林方面的投資高達1.5億瑞士法郎管理,因為這比減少山體滑坡、落石和雪崩風險的工程結構便宜5-10倍。
• Switzerland invests up to 150 million CHF annually in forests since it is 5-10 times cheaper than engineered structures to reduce landslide, rockfall & avalanche risks.
• 日本宣布以三陸復興重建公園的形式擴建其沿海森林國家公園,預計節省資金超過25億日元。
• Japan announced post-2011 expanding its Sanriku coastal national park as rebuilding parks, projected to save over 2.5 billion JPY.

可以做什麼? What Can Be Done?

迫切需要投資於減少災害風險,以盡量減少我們對未來事件的脆弱性。 Urgent investments in disaster risk reduction are needed to minimize our vulnerability to future events as much as possible.

作為國際社會,我們必須從被動減少風險轉向主動減少風險。

As an international community we must shift from reactive to proactive disaster risk reduction.

投資生態系統管理可以在長期應對氣候變遷的能力方面獲得回報。 Investing in ecosystem stewardship can reap dividends in long term climate change response capacities.

人道主義援助部門、環境界和氣候變遷政策制定者之間更好地共享訊息,以及促進互利的夥伴關係和合作,是更好地認識到自然是減少災害風險的有效解決方案的關鍵。 Better information sharing & mutually beneficial partnerships/collaborations between humanitarian aid, environmental & climate policy spheres are key to better recognizing nature as effective disaster risk reduction solutions.

常見問答:

Frequently Asked Questions:

什麼是基於自然的解決方案?

What are nature-based solutions?

保護和維護自然生態系統,以可持續發展的方式管理資源並解決社會挑戰。 Sustainably protecting, managing & restoring natural ecosystems to address societal challenges.

它們如何有助於減少災害風險? How can they aid disaster risk reduction?

提供自然緩衝作用,增強韌性。例如森林穩定山坡,濕地調節洪水。 Provide natural buffering functions that enhance resilience. E.g. forests stabilizing hillsides, wetlands regulating floods.

投資基於自然的解決方案的經濟效益有哪些?

What are economic benefits of investing in nature-based solutions?

創造就業,減少進口,降低災後損失。在某些情況下,它們比工程措施更具成本效益。 Job creation, less imports, lower disaster losses. In some cases they are more cost effective than engineered measures.

普通公民可以做些什麼? What can ordinary citizens do?

生活方式減碳,支持相關的環保政策/組織,參與本地社區的生態系統保護等。 Lower-carbon lifestyles, back relevant environmental policies/groups, engage in community-based ecosystem stewardship etc.